The Method Of Development William Shakespeare s Othello

Method of development: Lead: William Shakespeare is well known for integrating all aspects of life in his literary works. Many of his plays and novels are read by people of all races, genders, and ages. Topic: Postcolonial terms related to Othello by William Shakespeare Thesis: Convey inequality between everyone Subtopic #1: Discrimination Subtopic #2: Stereotyping Subtopic #3: Gender inequality Thesis Statement: Postcolonial terms related to Othello by William Shakespeare that convey inequality between everyone include Discrimination, Stereotyping and Gender inequality. Throughout the play, Shakespeare elaborates on these terms. Transition word: The first Introductory paragraph: Postcolonial terms related to the play that convey inequality between everyone is Discrimination. Transition word: An example would be Point #1: when Iago discriminated Othello because he was black. Iago wakes up Brabantio by saying, Proof: Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! / Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, / Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you. / Arise, I say! Page/line number: Othello 1.1.92-96 Explanation: In this quote one can see how Iago uses harsh words and animal terms to describe Othello. He tries to instigate fear into Brabantio’s mind about a black man marry and sleeping with his white daughter which at that time was uncommon. Summary statement Thus, Iago discriminated Othello by what he said to Brabantio,Show MoreRelated Iago as the Representation of Evil in Shakespeares Othello1769 Words   |  8 PagesIago as the Representation of Evil in Othello In Shakespeares, Othello, the reader is presented the classic battle between the deceitful forces of evil and the innocence of good. 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Personal Finance Planning The Financial Management

Personal Finance Planning Introduction Personal Finance is the financial management which an person or a family unit performs to spending plan, spare, and invest fiscal assets over time, considering different monetary risks and future life events (Salohalla, 2011). Like many people, you have seeks and dreams and life objectives after yourself and your crew. These might incorporate purchasing a home or business, putting something aside for school instruction for your youngsters, taking a fantasy get-away, decreasing duties and taxes, retiring serenely. Financial planning is the procedure of astutely dealing with your funds so you can accomplish your fantasies and objectives while in the meantime offering you some assistance with negotiating the budgetary boundaries that definitely emerge in each phase of life (Finke, 2011). As sound financial prosperity and better way of life is picking up need amongst people, the individual financial planning is progressively turning into a decent practice if not as of now a need. Truth be told, a sound individual financial arrangement permits individual to be aware of courses in which they manage financial matters. It is a way to manage an individual s financial choices and highlight the consequences of such choices on different territories of one s accounts. An average way to deal with individual financial planning includes compelling usage of investment funds to aggregate riches, trailed via watchful protection of such riches againstShow MoreRelatedPersonal Finance : The Management Of Funds Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesIndian finance is just the management of funds. With the general areas of financial services in India being business finance, personal finance, and public finance, finance in India is really comprehensive. 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Modern Drama Free Essays

This question will open a great deal of discussion and I am not sure you will have a definitive answer. Perhaps, you will have to piece together ideas to derive your own understanding. I look at modern drama from a thematic perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Drama or any similar topic only for you Order Now Part of what defines modern drama for me is an emphasis on experiences and predicaments that have applicability to as many people as possible. Modern drama speaks loudly and lucidly to multiple parties, and can articulate struggle and redemption in a manner that makes it understandable to all in the modern setting.Its relevancy is effective in real time. For example, a reason I consider Beckett’s Waiting for Godot modern drama because it speaks to a condition of paralysis that can apply to human beings, as a whole. The Crucible is an example of modern drama because it speaks to the vision of the tyranny of the community and the hypocrisy that it compels within individuals. This definition of modern drama can encompass works that apply to a particular culture of individuals.I consider Angels in America, a play that deals with thematic elements about homosexuality, an example of modern drama because it speaks to how one deals with death and the fear of it. Fences might be a work that is applicable to the African American predicament but it speaks to a larger conception of dreams and conflict within families. For me, modern drama has to speak to issues where there is a level of connection that can be evident to as many individuals as possible as something new in the human predicament is revealed. How to cite Modern Drama, Papers

Saturn Communication for Business - Admistration - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSaturn Communication for Business,Admistration and Sciences. Answer: Introduction Information technology has brought a drastic change in the working pattern. It is an important element in every organization. Without information technology no business can achieve their objectives and targets. Information technology is useful in every field of business as well as it is useful in household work also. Information technology has invented many amazing techniques which has reduced the work load of people and made the work simple. In this report, need and requirement for information technology in Saturn communication will be discussed. Saturn communication is a telecommunication company which is playing an important role in providing services to the public. Saturn communication was founded by Mr. Chris Welsh and its headquarter is based in Hobart, Tasmania. Without information technology telecommunication cannot do their work effectively and efficiently. Information technology is a method which improves the quality of services which are rendered to the public. The process of this industry is based on the new technologies. Need of Information technology of Saturn communication in relation with information technology is covered under this report. (Suresh, 2011). Need of Information Technology in Saturn Communication Saturn communication is an industry which is based on telecommunication in which different services are rendered to public. The services which are provided by Saturn communication is related to broadband as well as internet in wireless (Haghighat, 2008). Information technology is an important part of every telecommunication Industry without this no industry can achieve success. By sitting at home customer can pay their bills and can also clear the doubts regarding anything. A small disturbance in information technology can affect the work of business. Technical and non Technical teams are involved in the organization to solve and control the issues which can give uninterrupted services to the customers. They solve each and every problem of customer and give satisfaction to them. By using latest techniques the Saturn communication increases the customer satisfaction and also helps in expansion of business. To conduct day to day activities in these industry latest techniques is the mai n element of the business (Mutuku, 2015). Importance of Information technology in Business Information technology has invented many unique devices and services which saves time of consumer as well as of employee (Berisha, 2015). It helped the organization to enhance their marketing and other strategies so that the targets can be achieved easily. Saturn communication has adapted latest technologies which help them to achieve the organization goals and objectives. For increasing efficiency and for effectiveness this industry has to keep updated technologies without this they cannot be able to achieve their objectives. If any business which do not use the latest technologies is considered as outdated and will not be able to achieve success in the business. For growth and for effective results information technology is necessary for every organization. For achieving growth in the business and also for profits the company should use innovative methods and techniques so that it can achieve success in the business. Information technology make work easy so by using different techn iques work can be done more as compared earlier.All the work of the company is done by using technology so it is required to keep upgraded technology for the smooth working. (Barvayeh, 2011). Requirement of Information Technology in Saturn Communication To perform general activities efficiently and effectively each business has to carry latest information technology. It helps to complete or conduct task in easy way with great results. Saturn communication uses the technologies to promote latest services and also to provide satisfaction to consumers. There are many telecommunication companies in Australia and there is tough competition between them. So to compete it every organization has to adopt latest technologies to survive in the market. The provider of internet, carrier network and broadband face competition in market because they all perform same function in the market. To increase the quality and satisfaction of consumer Saturn communication advanced technologies. It helps to increase the profit and provide maximum customer satisfaction (Nikoloski, 2012). Usage of Information Technology in Saturn Communication It is beneficial in every area and all are taking use of information technology. All are dependent on information technology it be a human or organization. Everybody uses the latest and innovative technology to achieve their objectives and targets (Rupinder, 2012). In Saturn communication information technology is useful for both employee and customer in following way:- Customers:- Customer saves time by using the information technology. By sitting anywhere they can access everything they want. By using latest technologies customer can obtain accurate results. By using information technologies customers avail many discounts and offers which are beneficial for them. Customers are nowdays aware and are practicing to use the latest technology. By using the information technology they can access anything by sitting anywhere in the world but the internet access is required. The living standard of people has increased by using latest and innovative technologies. In every area information technology is beneficial for employees. They can do what they want. Employees:- Information technology enhances the learning ability of employees and also it reduces the workload of employees. The growth opportunity increases of employees in the organization as well as outside the organization and also it is useful for them to achieve their targets. By using information technology the workload of the employees are reduced with gives motivation to them to work and create a happy environment (Wan,2011). Advantage of using Information Technology in Saturn Communication By giving quality services to consumers the Saturn communication has achieved success in their field and also large no of people are attracted towards the company. The services which are provided by the company are necessary and important for every people. So, no of people increases who avail the services (Ikoha, 2011). It reduces the consumption time and the work can be done in less time if updated technology is there in the company.Information technology focuses on improving the quality of work and also by using new technologies the employees feel happy and motivated to do the work. By using innovative technology the company can compete other industries easily. Upgradation is necessary without this they cannot generate their efficient revenue and cannot achieve growth in the business. The price and quality which is rendered to customers should be reasonable as compared to other companies because it will attract more consumers to avail the services like: Internet services, Carrier services. The Saturn communication provides services at low cost as compared to other telecommunication industry so the company caters large number of people. The company has adapted latest technologies which serve the customer and give good performance and also attracts the customer towards the business. IT also helps to maintain customer relations. By using information technology it helps to reduce the cost of promoting new services and also increases the profit (Rot, 2009). Threats Arises by using Information Technology Every business has some threats. To achieve success in business the usage of advanced technology is necessary. By using advanced technology one can overcome the risk and threats. There are many threats which arise. The company can face negative results if there is entry or interference by an unauthorized person in technical room. Telecommunication company has many important and secret information of clients and there payment information so proper prevention should be taken to reduce the threat of data stolen. The strategies which are considered by the organization to be kept safely from outsiders because if disclosed it can has negative impact on business and also it will not be effective. Business should take corrective measure to avoid threats in business. Risks and threats can give loss to the business. Company should focus on minimizing the risk and should take immediate action if required in any situation. Delay in action can cause a negative impact on the business. Information technology is a vast term in which there are many types of threats. To overcome threats the alertness and activeness of the team is required. It is the responsibility of the firm to analyze threat and minimize it on time. Risk is the part of every company or organization but to analyze it and to minimize it the responsibility is of the company. (Oghojafor , 2004). Monitoring and Maintenance of Information Technology Saturn communication has a team of technical members who maintain and control all the technologies which are used in the organization. The information technology should be monitored and maintained so that effective results can be achieved. The Monitoring and maintenance should be done technical team or by the team of technicals. No unauthorized person should be involved in it. The technical team should make some rules and policies so IT can be maintained effectively and efficiently. To maintain security and privacy no person other than technical team member should be allowed to enter technical room. This will give security to the important information. For achieving objectives and best results the technical team brings improvement in current methods of technologies. Monitoring should be done on regular basis because one defect can cause a huge loss for this industry. Trained and skilled staff should be appointed. (Kumar, 2014). Recommendations The company faces many challenges and there is tough competition in telecommunication industry because there are many companies which are providing same services. So, for the growth the company should adopt new and latest technologies so that it can give best services to the customer and should provide services at low cost as compared to others. The company should also introduce some innovative products and services which attract customers towards them. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above report that information technology is very important in every area and Saturn communication is dependent on information technology .For improving the performance information technology play an important role and also for growth of business. New technology is considered by the company so that activities can be completed easily and in less time (Sharma, 2016). For Saturn communication information technology is beneficial because it is reducing the cost of activities which are executed by the organization and also it is easy to give training to untrained staff. It saves times and enhances the understanding. By the use of latest and advanced technologies the company is able to maintain better customer relation and also it results in increased profits of the business. For giving best experience of usage of internet the company is giving broadband connections and wireless carrier networks. Performance of Saturn communication is also analyzed by using tech nologies and also by using advanced technologies effective results can be achieved (Surugiu, 2012). References Barvayeh, E, 2011, The impact of information technology, Journal of information technology, vol.28, pp: 112-116. Berisha, A, 2015, Impact of information, Journal of business,admistration and sciences, vol.1,no.1,pp: 73-79. Haghighat, F, 2008, The impact of information technology, World applied science journal, vol.3, pp: 74-81. Ikoha,A,2011, Information Technology Research in Developing Nations, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research,Vol.1,no.6,pp: 253-257. Kumar, P, 2014, Information Technology, International Journal of Advanced Research, VOL.4, NO.5, pp: 1020-1024. Mutuku, M, 2015, Effect of Information Technology on Employee, Review of Contemporary Business Research, vol.4, no.1, pp: 49-57. Nikoloski, K, 2012, The Role of Information Technology in the Business Sector, International journal of science and technology, Vol.3, no.12, pp: 303-309. Oghojafor, B, 2011, Information technology and customer relationship management, Journal of Economics and International Finance, vol.3, no.7, pp: 452-461. Rot, A, 2009, Enterprise Information Technology Security: Risk Management Perspective, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science journal, Vol.2, pp: 20-22. Rupinder, K, 2012, Impact of information technology on customer services, International journal of management, vol.3, no.4, pp: 444-449. Sharma, G, 2016, The strategic role of information technology, Journal of ebusiness, vol.8, no.1, pp: 19-39. Suresh, L, 2011, Impact of Information and Communication Technologies, Journal of informatics, vol.9, no.4, pp: 17-23. Surugiu, L, 2012, Integration of Information Technologies in Enterprise Application Development, Database system journal, vol.3, no.1, pp: 21-32. Wan, J, 2011, Evaluation on Information Technology Service Management Process, Technology and Investment journal, vol.2, and pp: 38-46

Case Studies in Anthropology Essay Example

Case Studies in Anthropology Paper In chapter five of the book â€Å"The Yanamamo: Case Studies in Anthropology† by Napoleon A. Chagnon deals with political alliances, trading and feasting and how it fits into their culture and practices. Alliances between villages involve casual trading, mutual feasting and the exchange of women. Their power exists with the ideal that the stronger villages should take advantages of the weaker villages and this is shown by taking of the women of one village from another. Because of this military threat intervillage alliance is desirable and villages should behave in a strong fashion so trade alliances are very important. There are three distinct features of Yanamano trading practices. The first is that each item traded must be repaid with a different type of item. Who ever gets the gift must repay his partner and this is called no mraiha. This way of giving must be paid back and is a leverage to ask for a reciprocal gift. Second the gift is usually delayed. The ideal is that one trade will force the other and gives members of neighboring villages an excuse and opportunity to visit each other. The third is the specialization of the gifts. Each village has one or more specialized products to use in trade. The feast is a display of affluence and is a way to challenge the guests to give a feast of equal size at a later time and place. Sometimes so much food is offered that the guest will eat too much go and vomit and then return to eat more. Each feast calls for another. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Studies in Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Studies in Anthropology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Studies in Anthropology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is a way for allies to get to know each other during the dry season and over the years. Feasts are exciting and form a bond between the villages for years. Reference: Chagnon, N. A. (1997). The Yanamamo: Case studies in anthropology. N. J. : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Possible questions for a test: 1. What is the importance of aggression in the Yanamano’s culture? (2-3 page answer) 2. What are the three features of trading practices among the Yanamamo culture? (short essay) 3. How are Women viewed in this culture? (Short essay).

Free Essays on The Battle Of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg was â€Å"one of the deadliest battles ever fought on North American soil† (Internet Resource 4). More soldiers fought and died in the Gettysburg Battle than in any other battle in America. There were â€Å"more than 2,000 land engagements of the Civil War† (Internet Resource 4), but Gettysburg ranks supreme. Although the Battle of Gettysburg did not end the war, nor did it start the Civil War, it still remains the most important battle of the war. The Confederate army carried Generals and Commanders far more experienced and enhanced when compared to that of the Union. John Buford was the commanding officer for the Northern union at Gettysburg. Within six months of his having played a key role in the opening of the battle of Gettysburg, John Buford died from typhoid fever. Robert E. Lee was the great, powerful Southern confederate General and he decided to move the war north. He planned to obliterate the railroad bridge at Harrisburg, then "turn my attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington as may seem best for our interest."(Internet Resource 4) After the extensive march north, Confederate troops were spread out all the way from Chambersburg, through Carlisle, and into York. Towns across southern Pennsylvania were being "explored"(Internet resource 4) for greatly needed supplies to carry on the Southern offensive. While looking in Gettysburg, Pettigrew's brigade looked around and eventually found Bufordâ₠¬â„¢s cavalry on the ridge one mile west of the town. The Battle of Gettysburg began after that sight on July 1-3, 1863 when Confederate troops attacked the Union cavalry division on McPherson Ridge, just west of town. Out-numbered, the Union forces managed to hold, and even force the Confederate troops back, after the much needed addition of John Reynold's infantry division. They triumphed until late afternoon, when they were overwhelmed by supplementary southern troops, and driven a... Free Essays on The Battle Of Gettysburg Free Essays on The Battle Of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg was â€Å"one of the deadliest battles ever fought on North American soil† (Internet Resource 4). More soldiers fought and died in the Gettysburg Battle than in any other battle in America. There were â€Å"more than 2,000 land engagements of the Civil War† (Internet Resource 4), but Gettysburg ranks supreme. Although the Battle of Gettysburg did not end the war, nor did it start the Civil War, it still remains the most important battle of the war. The Confederate army carried Generals and Commanders far more experienced and enhanced when compared to that of the Union. John Buford was the commanding officer for the Northern union at Gettysburg. Within six months of his having played a key role in the opening of the battle of Gettysburg, John Buford died from typhoid fever. Robert E. Lee was the great, powerful Southern confederate General and he decided to move the war north. He planned to obliterate the railroad bridge at Harrisburg, then "turn my attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington as may seem best for our interest."(Internet Resource 4) After the extensive march north, Confederate troops were spread out all the way from Chambersburg, through Carlisle, and into York. Towns across southern Pennsylvania were being "explored"(Internet resource 4) for greatly needed supplies to carry on the Southern offensive. While looking in Gettysburg, Pettigrew's brigade looked around and eventually found Bufordâ₠¬â„¢s cavalry on the ridge one mile west of the town. The Battle of Gettysburg began after that sight on July 1-3, 1863 when Confederate troops attacked the Union cavalry division on McPherson Ridge, just west of town. Out-numbered, the Union forces managed to hold, and even force the Confederate troops back, after the much needed addition of John Reynold's infantry division. They triumphed until late afternoon, when they were overwhelmed by supplementary southern troops, and driven a...

Progress of Spirit over Time Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Progress of Spirit over Time - Assignment Example For more details, you can visit the official website: http://www.pacificstandardtime.org/exhibitions. It feels good to stay on top of what's happening in â€Å"P.S.T.: Art in L.A.† because there are absolutely several interesting and highly educational exhibits that are truly worth visiting, and even traveling for. I was glad to be able to go visit a couple of exhibits prior to them closing. Some of the exhibits that really stuck in my mind are those entitled â€Å"Under the Big Black Sun† and â€Å"Doin' It in Public.† I like â€Å"Doin' It in Public† because of the feminist theme that comprises every piece of art work in the exhibit. It served as an eye-opener for me because it truly showcased how undermined female artists were before the recent changes in the art scene. It is nice to know that while art works such as Lili Lakich's â€Å"Vacancy/No Vacancy† may have raised eyebrows during that era, it is still one of the those pieces that paved th e way for feminist art to be highly-acclaimed nowadays. Lili Lakich’s Vacancy/No Vacancy, 1972, shown in the â€Å"Doin’ It in Public: Feminism and Art at the Woman’s Building† exhibition at Otis College of Art and Design. An important thing I noticed is that almost all the exhibits showcased in â€Å"Pacific Standard Time: Art in L.A. ... All I saw in them were individual crafts by artistic people whom I consider as inspiration in my art life. However, as I look back to my previous posts to blogs, and my previous personal write-up, I discovered I had been getting more and more into the collective meaning of the entire L.A. Art Scene. I got more in tune with the culture and the history that shaped the entire art world in L.A., and began to see the vast difference from other art scenes in other places. Before, I have always appreciated non-conformity because for me, going against the norm is an art itself. However, as I experienced the different art exhibits showcasing a deeper meaning of what it is to be radical, I realized non-conformity comes from something deeper than deviating from the

International Opportunities Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Opportunities - Case Study Example This is extremely tasking explaining why these companies opt to remain local actors. In the course of internationalization, firms prefer where business regulation laws are lax as they can benefit more if they need to test new products (Hoskisson, Hitt, Ireland& Harrison 310-12). Availability of market will work positively for this company that aims at targeting a huge clientele base. A good example is the tobacco sale will work if the regulations are lax. On a negative note, firms may suffer if the regulations are lax, as they may have to pay for some financial risks. In the case where the currencies are not well regulated, the firms may suffer a great deal. The firm may, therefore, operate from losses. Worse still, this company may not get the required products to supply in other countries. Political instabilities in other countries where they hope to venture may also cost the firm if the regulation laws are lax (Hoskisson, Hitt, Ireland& Harrison

Review of Technical Journal Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of Technical Journal Article - Essay Example isputed the claims of the Young-Earth Model that the Mesozoic Rock Layers were â€Å"late-flood rocks† (Neyman, â€Å"Dinosaur Evidence for an Old Earth†). This is the famous Flood during the time of Noah when it rained for forty days which, according to the Bible, had killed all creeping, walking, breathing, etc. living creatures. Neyman did not believe this by predicating that if this is true, it would leave this claim contradictory to the evidences recovered by geologist pointing towards the existence and even activities of Mesozoic creatures – creatures like dinosaurs – during and after the flood took place and even during the water-receding period. According to him, says of the Young-Earth scientist that the distribution of fossils around the globe, as well as their varying formations in the sedimentary rock is caused by the strong cyclonic force that scattered chopped bodies of creatures at random locations around the globe contain insurmountable obstacles. He further expressed in his thesis statement that â€Å"the distribution of animals in the rock layers does not lend itself to an easy fit with the Flood model† (Neyman, â€Å"Dinosaur Evidence for an old Earth†). On the whole, the article was prepared for those who bear the same belief with the Young-Earth Creationism believers who affirmed that The Flood did not leave a single creature alive. The article strongly suggests that, in contrary with the assertions of the Young-Earth Science, even after the water started to recede during which the flood was completed, there were traced of fossils, poops, bones and even track-ways of creeping and walking animals, thereby inferring that creatures, particularly dinosaurs, still existed or were still alive even after the flood. The article was quite difficult to decipher considering that it was trying to interrelate two topics that essentially should not have been linked together by the writer. Both beliefs, the Old-Earth Creationism and the Young-Earth

Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory

Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory The reason for choosing Classical versus Positivist Theory is that these two theories were the basis of argument before the Twentieth Century, and, if studied, one could understand the discrepancies of crime theories and debates when dealing with the law, psychiatrists and deterrence(Padhy, 2006).Crime theories emerge from the study of criminology(Padhy, 2006). Criminology is a sociological branch of study utilising crime statistics, psychology and law and the scientific study of human bodies to research criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). To understand the implications of criminal behaviour, we need to understand crime, defined when a human being breaks the law realising this varies between countries due to different cultures and values(Padhy, 2006). The law is defined by what the legislature says, thus crime is determined by what these law agencies decide(Fletcher, 1985). Historically, Beccaria and Benthan in the Eighteenth Century emerged with the Classical Tradition of Crime, focuss ing on punishment and the crime committed(Padhy, 2006). In the Nineteenth Century with scientific enlightenment, Lombroso brought a new theory to discussion focussing on the criminal(Padhy, 2006). Positivism was based on determinism contrasting with Classical Tradition based on rationality. This forgoes individual choice and holds biological and psychological predisposition responsible, giving a new consideration for judges because of a new understanding on criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). In discussing the nature of human beings, Classical Theorists say that individuals possess the ability to make choices(Beccaria, 1778). Human beings are able to participate in any activity not contrary to legislation, giving free choice(Beccaria, 1778). It is when humans take this right of choice and cause damage to lives and autonomy of citizens that crime is committed(Beccaria, 1778). Both theories view crime as a breach of security causing an interruption to a peaceful society(Beccaria, 1778). Classical Theorists focus on the dependant variables of crime looking at the crime itself, compared to Positivism which focuses primarily on the independent variables of the individual and what caused this act(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). The Classical School of Crime was developed for the purpose of defining criminals as rationale human beings acting to gain benefits, where legislation was aimed to increase peace and maximise welfare(Carnis, 2004). Discussing the nature of human beings within Positivism says that human behaviour is governed by laws of nature, thus crime is predetermined(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990a). It emerged during the enlightenment period in response to specific theory testing by correlations and relationships between measured variables(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Positivist Theory encompasses the idea that human behaviour is the product of causal forces over which individuals or collectivities have little control(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990 p.418). Rejecting Classical Theories, Biological Positivism focuses on empirical evidence from the study of twins, families and genetics to emphasise the biological determinants of criminology(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Eysenck forms both Biological and Psychological Positivism, where upbringing is a form of conditioning to crime to gain a conscience of what is bad or good(Eysneck, 2006). There are two kinds of character types, introvert or extrovert. Introverts are mo re set in characteristics and difficult to condition or de-condition, whereas extroverts are easily conditioned(Eysneck, 1977). Eysenck suggests that a failure of conditioning to develop a good conscience is the cause of criminal behaviour (Eysneck, 1977). Eysenck suggests that punishment followed soon after crime can re-condition these individuals away from criminal behaviours similar to Classical Theory(Eysneck, 1977). In explaining the cause of criminal behaviour, Classical Theory explains that humans pursue happiness and pleasure and want to avoid pain(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). With free will and choice comes the influence of that individuals environment where it may limit or promote criminal behaviour(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). For an individual to commit a crime they must use force and fraud to achieve self-happiness or advantage(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). In Classical Theories motivation comes from the human and is the cause of crime. Motivation is the key in defining why the perpetrator carried out the crime, and focuses on how the target made this crime accessible(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). After the development of Positivism, thoughts of rational decisions and preconceptions of Classical Theory had to be re-evaluated(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Scientists had a new outlook based on experimental methods to question previous rational schemes that dominated criminal theories before the Nineteenth Century(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). In the view of Positivism the cause of criminal behaviour lies in measured variables(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Juxtaposed to Classical Theory, for an individual to commit a crime in the eyes of Positivist Theory they must have an inherited trait(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). With Positivism, there is no acceptance of rational behaviour but crime is explained by biological and social phenomenon. This theory emphasises there is a social reason for each specific criminal act, found through research and correlations(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Characteristics or tendencies that an individual inherits can increase their susceptibility for crimi nal behaviour, thus Positivist criminologists sustain criminals are caused to behave this way(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Lombroso also described that the cause of criminal behaviours were imbedded in physical characteristics and genetic makeup(Hamlin, n.d) In explaining crime, Traditional Classical Theories claim crime is caused by human beings acting on incentives(Ehrlich, 1996). Humans follow wilful participation of criminal and unlawful acts, explained by their own choices following self-interests(Ehrlich, 1996). Consistent with Classical Theory, Rational Choice Theory which is an extension based centrally in Classical Theory explains that human actions are based on rational choice, weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of the criminal act(Akers, 1990). Criminal activity is committed even with the informed notion of the consequences if one gets caught(Akers, 1990). Disadvantages may outweigh advantages with legal punishment thus the individual will decide not to commit the crime(Akers, 1990). This is where deterrence plays a major role in Classical Theory. The threat of legal and capital punishment aims to offset the advantages and reduce the motivation for crime(Akers, 1990). Deterrence for Classical Theories is aimed at pos itive punishment meaning reduced crime rates due to harsh consequences(Akers, 1990). Cesare Lombroso, the founder of Biological Positivism, used scientific methods to explain crime, forming the theory known as Lombrosian Atavism(Rafter, 2005). His theory is imbedded in atavism, explaining that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to a primitive human advancement(Rafter, 2005). This earlier stage was focussed on savage behaviours because these had a greater advantage than personal and community skills(Rafter, 2005). He claimed that these socially unacceptable behaviours were inherited, thus individuals were doomed by their physical makeup to break the law'(Rafter, 2005, p.33). Using scientific principles to study the human body and mind, Lombroso said individuals are born as criminals(Rafter, 2005). Their genetic makeup is the explanation for crime; they have a predisposition and have been caused to act this way(Rafter, 2005). The irregularities Lombroso studied, lead him to find relationships between the criminal man and criminal tendencies(Rafter, 2005). Eysenck, s till within Positivism, suggested crime was caused by a lack of conditioning, where behaviour is misguided and guilt is not felt towards criminal behaviours(Eysenck, 1977). Comparing deterrence between the two theories, Classical Theory follows that punishment is measured by the injury that criminal inflicted on society(Beccaria, 1778). Beccaria condemned torture as punishment because it has been falsified in gaining truth, especially about accomplices(Beccaria, 1778). Beccaria believed that punishment should be explained to the criminal and the quicker the punishment after the inflicted crime, the more just and appropriate it will be because of a greater association between crime and punishment(Beccaria, 1778). The point of deterrence in Classical Criminology is to prevent offenders committing further crimes, thus they must realise the extent of their heinous activity, previously hidden behind the advantages of committing the crime(Beccaria, 1778). Within Classical Theory for persecutors or potential offenders deterrence is best given through restraint, physical or situational punishment(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Historically, punishments were in fi nancial dues to the Prince thus if convicted guilty you were in debt to the Crown(Beccaria, 1778). As Positivism is focussed on the pre-requisite explanation of crime, deterrence or correction in Positivist Theory must aim to identify those people with criminal tendencies, record what caused their behaviour and look at ways to adjust or prevent this behaviour(Lyons, 1977). Eysenck, suggested that if offenders were caught at a young age, they could be re-conditioned, and possibly taught about good behaviours and given a conscience against criminal acts(Eysneck, 1977). In Positivism, persecution is difficult because if the judge accepts genetic inheritance, where is the line drawn as to how much you are accountable for your criminal behaviours. Husted, Myers and Lui(2008) questioned the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans in a court case as to how much these can be accredited to understand the level to which the defendant can blame their genetic makeup. Classical and Positivist Theory cause practical implications when dealing with court orders. Judges in court must use their intuition with evidence to determine guilt(Padhy, 2006). Judges have often been said to move towards a more Classical approach insisting that humans choose to commit the crime because we are free willed and make our own decisions(Padhy, 2006). Courts must issue a sentence in the hope of preventing further criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). Classical Criminology emphasised to judges and juries that offenders must be deterred thus preventing further acts of criminality(AIC, 2009). Based on this deterrence, the sentence must be given equally with no regard to race, socioeconomic status and age(AIC, 2009). There is no excuse for genetic determinism if embracing Classical Criminology in the courts so procedures and sentences must be based on what the individual committed(AIC, 2009). This contrasts with Positivism where an individual can blame their genetic makeup. Posi tivism is embraced when dealing with psychologists or psychiatrists where they focus on the deterministic features(Padhy, 2006). They highlight the external environment and internal predispositions under involuntary control, thus blaming criminal behaviour on the lack of choices or free will that individual had(Padhy, 2006). In the late Twentieth Century, classical tradition re-emerged because it was used to explain deviant behaviour in adolescence(Padhy, 2006). There was a rise in juvenile crime and instead of focussing on Positivism the courts had reverted back to Classical and Rational Choice Theory where juvenile offenders were accountable for their crime(Padhy, 2006). After a crime the state had to promptly implement punishment in the hope of stopping this increase in juvenile deviance(Padhy, 2006). Both Classical and Positivist theories have their flaws. Deterrence theories are at the heart of Classical Theories. Sherman, Smith, Schmidt and Rogan(1992) conducted an experiment measuring the effect of punishment on subsequent offenders. They found that punishment and arrest did not reduce subsequent crime in domestic violence, and that in fact arrest increased undesirable behaviour especially in those who were single, unemployed and had low conformity levels(Sherman, Smith, Schmidt Rogan, 1992). This goes against the theory of deterrence in reducing further criminal activities. Positivism denied the main idea of Classical Theorists where the principles of crime causation werent based on free will and choice but focussed that there was a specific cause to that certain crime(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Positivism is based on empirical evidence thus the new emerging ideas including critical theory, poststructuralism and post modernism are offered as extensions or critiques of Positivism suggesting a way to understand societies of the modern world(Agger, 1991). Within Positivism, it must be understood that criminal acts are consistent with their level of predisposition to crime(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). However Hirschi Gottfredson(1990) report no evidence of this relationship but positive criminologists just conclude the type of crime committed from the empirical evidence that best explains it(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Lombrosian Atavism was critiqued where teachers and textbooks showed vague appreciation of what he contributed to crime theories(Rafter, 2005). Lombrosos work was often ridiculed, being the first to study the characteristics of a born criminal(Rafter, 2005). Lombroso was critiqued for his lack of statistics, and there was speculation he didnt always use control groups(Vedder, Koenig and Clark, 1953; cited by Rafter, 2005). Lombroso was however credited as being the father of introducing scientific method and research into criminology(Rafter, 2005). Briefly commenting on practical and social implications of what has been discussed, Classical Theories allow for no blame on genetics, thus punishment is given in relation to damage caused(Beccaria, 1778). Correction rehabilitation is enforced to stop reoffending(AIC, 1999). Socially, these individuals may be excluded from society with home confinement, correctional centres and psychiatrist treatment and rejected from society because of their criminal stigma(LeBel, 2008). Practically, in Classical Tradition the State has a right to impose punishment to the perpetrator if they caused social harm(Padhy, 2006). Practical implications within Positivism, involves criminologists catching and persecuting criminals, recording their genetic characteristics ascertaining why they are different from non criminals and therefore developing the atavistic criminal(Lyons, 1977). Rehabilitation must focus on how to correct these imbedded criminal behaviours, whilst identifying future individuals with criminal tendencies and placing preventive measures into action. When a law of the state is broken, whether we approve or disapprove of it, is classified as a criminal act(Hart, 1958). Concluding, we have witnessed that Classical Theories hold no presuppositions that cause criminal behaviour, their decision is controlled and not influenced by pre events. Motivation for crime comes from the perpetrator and will show in the nature of criminal acts. Beccaria was the founder of Classical Tradition in the Eighteenth Century, but when the scientific revolution emerged, Positivism was a result of utilising scientific methods. Lombroso used biological explanations for crime, describing the characteristics or stigma of an atavistic criminal. Eysenck focused on both biological determinants for characteristic types and behaviour determinants as an explanation for crime where a lack of developed morals and conscience cause a criminal to not feel guilty. Both theories emphasise deterrence and correction to prevent further criminal behaviours.

Colonial Fiction: Mister Johnson Essay -- Essays Papers

Colonial Fiction: Mister Johnson The relationship between Rudbeck and Mister Johnson is extremely revealing with regards to the experience of the European administrators and the co-operation of the Nigerians in the colonial endeavour. Johnson is keenly aware that superiority for natives directly depends upon being on good terms with the coloniser. He consistently emphasises his belief that Rudbeck is his ''good friend'', and how he is ''mos' indispensable to ... His Majesty's service'' (85). It could be argued that this should not be passed off as simple native fantasy, put in for the amusement of the European reader. In many cases, Johnson is ''indispensable'' to the inexperienced Rudbeck, and throughout the novel, Johnson is constantly seen as the innovator in the relationship. In two important and inextricably linked areas, finances and roadbuilding, it is not the colonial government which responds to the needs of Rudbeck, but Johnson. As if to push this European dependence on the native a little further, Cary suggests that Rudbeck relies on Johnson in his personal life as well. For example, while Rudbeck is working on the road, Johnson is left to entertain his wife, Celia, an act of trust that both shocks and impresses the natives. We are told that ''this greatly increases [Johnson's] prestige in Fada, where the Emir does not even trust his chief eunuch with his wives'' (87). Concern over finances is a predominant theme throughout the novel, both for Johnson who constantly seems to be in debt, and Rudbeck who, due to the stringency of the Treasury, never has sufficient money or resources to carry out developments to the extent he would like. The reader is given the impression that, if he could , Rudbeck would be doing much more with Fada. He is a man of action, who longs to get out on the roads, working hard physically. Yet his ambitions are constantly frustrated, and he is left ''suffering'' (57) in his office, itching to get out again. On many levels - financial constraints, inexperience, communication difficult - his hands are tied. Johnson's personal finances never seem to pose the same extent of problems to him as do Rudbeck's. When dealing with finances, Rudbeck's ''many sudden depressions'' (77) often climax, and he simply concedes that everything is ''all damn nonsense, anyhow'' (53). Rudbeck knows only too well that he can expec... ... basics of what he expected from them. However, they are intelligent enough to let Rudbeck do ''most of the work himself'' (55) in the blistering African sun. Cary is hinting that the natives are not as gullible as the coloniser would like to believe. In reality, they are much more subversive. Indeed native subversion and resistance could be seen as one the key themes throughout the novel. In other cases, for example, Cary is not so subtle. He openly portrays Waziri offering Johnson favours and bribes to keep him informed about the contents of Rudbeck's safe, which contains all the papers and information sent from Britain, communications which were essential for indirect rule - a role Johnson carries out without a second thought concerning any moral loyalty to Rudbeck. As Cary sees it, in the colonial project, personalities and individuals are of no concern. In the imperialist longing for supremacy and the natives' response to this, people are used and discarded at will. Cary gives every indication that the problems faced by Rudbeck are universal throughout the colonial project. The plight of the colonial administrator seems doomed to a life of confusion and disillusionment.

Women’s Self Esteem: NOT Because of the Media

The subject of media’s impact on women has been a big issue for several years now.   However, how does self esteem or one’s concept of oneself really develop?   Does the media really have any influence on this?   No, the media does not influence women’s development of self image.   Women’s self-images come from a number of internal sources, including their natural role as nurturers, how their needs are met, and other personal things. First of all, a person develops as a part of a family.   A little girl will learn, based on her family’s actions, to either trust or mistrust peoples’ intentions, as per Erik Erikson’s series of crises.   This will tell her, in time, whether she is worthy of positive attention or not.   If she is worthy of positive attention, then she will begin to develop good self esteem and a positive self image.   If, however, her family is cold or neglectful towards her, she will develop a negative self image and poor self esteem. As the girl grows into a teenager, these early experiences will prove far more important than any outside sources.   A teen who was raised in a loving household will be far more likely to have a positive self image than one who was not.   This has nothing to do with the media, only with personal influences.   As the teen grows into a woman, she will come to see her role in life based on these experiences.   If her experiences were positive, she will see herself in a positive light, and will probably want to give to others.   If her experiences were negative, she may be selfish and will see herself in a negative light. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs will affect a woman’s self esteem, too.   A woman who cannot even get her basic needs met, or who hasn’t had them met since childhood (food, water, shelter) will develop a negative self concept, because she may believe she was not worthy of anything.   She will also be far more concerned about getting these needs met than anything else, which doesn’t allow for higher needs.   If a woman’s need for love and belongingness aren’t met (through friends, family, lovers, etc.), she may also have a lower self-esteem. A woman who has many friends and loved ones, who is well liked, will have a higher self esteem.   A woman who is having all of her needs met and who is striving towards self-actualization should have very high self esteem, because she feels fulfilled in all areas of her life, and is able to strive towards betterment all the time.   This also allows for a solid self concept. Women who have met challenges in their lives and won will tend to have higher self esteem than those who have not been challenged or who have lost.   A woman who has always had good friends, who has always had her needs met, and who has always excelled in some area will have a much better self concept than one who has had few friends, has sometimes not had her needs met, and has infrequently, if ever excelled at anything.   These individual influences determine much more about a person’s self esteem than does anything as elusive as the media. Women traditionally have a role as nurturers.   Even if an individual woman does not necessarily feel like a nurturer, this will still have to play into her identity as a woman.   A woman who accepts her role as a nurturer and a caregiver will likely be less conflicted, and more likely to have high self esteem.   A woman who is a nurturer is meeting her role in society and in life, and therefore would feel more fulfilled.   A woman who is not a nurturer may feel guilty, and may have lower self esteem.   Some women who are not nurturing are able to get beyond their feelings of guilt and be happy and have high self esteem anyway, but it is a conflict that almost all women must face in their lives. Outside sources are not nearly as important to women as their own internal conflicts and their personal lives.   A woman who is secure in her family and friends, and in her own power (as an individual with intelligence and talent) is less likely to care what the media or any ‘unknown’ source says.   The media may portray women any way they wish, but women who have a solid personal life are not going to be swayed by it.   Women who, on the other hand, do not have a strong self concept, are probably also not swayed by the media.   They already feel like they are bad, stupid, ugly, etc., and what the media portrays is not going to change that, either.   Outside sources are not big influences. With all of the internal sources, it is clear that the development of self esteem is a lifelong process, one that starts in very young children and continues into adulthood.   People who have their needs consistently met and who face challenges and win them will develop healthy self esteem.   Those who do not have their needs met or who lose challenges will not develop healthy self esteem.   This happens regardless of anything that goes on in the media.   In general, people vastly overestimate the importance of the media in the development of self esteem.   It is assumed that the media can actually change anything in a girl’s life, when in reality, her own life experiences are what guides her in developing her self esteem and self concept.

Entartete Kunst essays

Entartete Kunst essays Death of Modern Art In Germany, 1937 In July 1937, Adolph Hitler's Nazi party mounted an exhibition of confiscated art called, "Entartete Kunst," meaning, "Degenerate Art." It showcased and ridiculed the work of contemporary artists such as Max Beckman, Emil Nolde, Otto Dix, Oskar Kokoschka, and over 200 others. This paper is going to cover the events that led to the exhibition and the intent to show the public the insanity, atrocity, and depravity of the modern art movement, which Hitler and his party sought to stop. Artists included in the show, many of whom are now recognized as modern masters, were depicted as demented, deranged, and sub-human. Death of Modern Art In Germany, 1937 "Our patience with all those who have not been able to fall in line is at an end. ... What you are seeing here are the crippled products of madness, impertinence, and lack of talent. ... I would need several freight trains to clear our galleries of this rubbish. ... President of the Reich Culture Chamber On July 19, 1937, the Nazi exhibition of Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) opened in Munich, one day after the first "Great German Art Exhibition" premiered. The result of Hitler and Goebbels cleanse of all remaining modern art held in both public and private collections in the Reich, more than 650 important paintings, sculptures and prints as well as books and musical notations were exhibited in this, the most widely seen exhibition of modern art. The exhibit was designed to ridicule and degenerate creative works of Modern Art not upholding "correct" National Socialist virtues. In the summer of 1937, Adolph Hitler created an exhibition of all the art that he personally hated. By confiscating and showcasing nearly 16,000 works of art, he sought to prove what the Nazi Party considered as "good art." Artists like Marc Chagall, Max Beckmann, Paul Klee, Kathe Kollowitz, Emil Nolde, Ernst Kirchner, Bertha Becker, Wassily Kandinsky, and Piet...

Social Darwinism essays

Social Darwinism essays In his most famous book On the Origin of Species, Darwin included four major arguments: that new species appear; that these new species have evolved from older species; that the evolution of species is the result of natural selection; and "that natural selection depends upon variations and the maintenance of variation in spite of the tendency of natural selection to eliminate 'unfit' variants" (403). After Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, Herbert Spencer(1820-1903) took hold of Darwin's theory of natural selection and applied it to society as well as evolution. He strayed from biology to society. Spencer's ideas became known as Social Darwinism. The theory of natural selection holds that only the most well-adapted individuals in a population will survive and reproduce. These successful individuals pass on their adaptive advantage to their offspring. Over many generations, the process ensures the adaptation of the entire population to its environment. This holds true in the jungle, but it was Spencer who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" to describe the competition among human individuals and groups. He argued that human progress resulted from the triumph of more advanced individuals and cultures over their inferior competitors. Wealth and power were seen as signs of inherent "fitness," while poverty was taken as evidence of natural inferiority. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Social Darwinism was used to argue for unrestrained economic competition and against aid to the "unfit" poor. The theory was also used to justify racist and imperialist policies in Europe and the United States. Social Darwinist ideas fell from grace in the early 20th century; Herbert Spencer's reputation as a philosopher and social theorist toppled with it. Spencer once wrote of society. These are the traits that societies have in common with organic bodies. And these traits in which they agree with organic bodi...

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Abortion - Essay Example Nevertheless, one should note that support for abortion in the first 3 months is complicated and is dependent on the grounds why the same is to be carried to out. This is according to past Gallup survey and generally speaking, Americans for instance more supportive of making abortion legal especially in the earliest pregnancy stages of pregnancy than in the advanced stages, when the pregnancy is more developed or can survive outside of the womb. Another common ground that has been agreed upon by most parties of pro-choice and pro-life regarding abortion as legal is when the life of a woman or her physical health is endangered by pregnancy or when pregnancy is caused by rape or incest. Thus when the victim cannot accept the fact that she had been raped or the pregnancy was due to incest, the fetus will pose a serious impact on her psychological well-being and future, abortion is still acceptable. Finally, abortion has been a contentious issue in several countries in the world; nevertheless, self-proclaimed â€Å"pro-choice† and â€Å"pro-life† individuals widely agree on over half of 16 principal policy matters. It is these policies that normally have everything to do with women’s vital health protection, thus avoiding late-term abortions, as well as making sure that abortion patients as well as their parents are wholly informed of all the risks

Drug Trafficking within the United States Essay

Drug Trafficking within the United States - Essay Example Additionally, the land facilitates entry of 370 million people while the sea plays a significant role in this sector as it aids to entry of over six million people into this country. The sea also witnesses more than nine million shipping containers dock at the coastal ports of America (Scott, 2003). These ships ferry very many containers filled with different merchandise supplied to different parts of America. Ideally, this voluminous trade contributes largely to drug trafficking as drug traffickers conceal different drugs inside these containers. This paper will seek to develop an argumentative paper on drug trafficking in the United States. Surprisingly, amid this great deal of trade, drug peddlers manage to conceal illegal drugs such as marijuana, methamphetamine, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA, heroine, and cocaine and ship these drugs directly into the American market for distribution (Ganister & David, 2008). Numerous drug trafficking groups acquire and distribute these d rugs to criminals operating in the South of America who extend the chain by smuggling marijuana and cocaine via a number of routes into different parts of America. ... al drugs for distribution into the US neighborhoods, the Mexican criminal drug traffickers are seeking to increase their grip of distributing these drugs into the eastern part of US markets. Similarly, as of today, the use of 3 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is on the rise in the streets as it goes in the name â€Å"ecstasy†. Statistics show that the abuse of this type of drug is rising at an alarming rate in the streets of the United States following the emergency and collaboration of Russian and Israeli drug traffickers (Lyman & Potter, 2010). Western Europe is the world largest produce of MDMA. The Western Europe drug smugglers collaborate with the Mexican criminals who facilitate the entry of this type of drug into the United States market through commercial airlines as well as through express package couriers. Criminal groups ailing from the Southeast and Southwest Asia control and smuggle illegal drugs like heroine into the United States market with the help of s ome mafias based in the New York City which happens to be the main hub for distribution of heroine within and around Midwest and eastern sea bond (Scott, 2003). International drug trafficking aside, America has interior drug smugglers who in addition to trafficking take part in planting and manufacturing. Common drugs found in the hands of criminals of this caliber comprise of marijuana and phencyclidine PCP (Younger & Rosin, 2005). Others include lysergic acid diethylamide LSD and methamphetamine. As the demand for high potency methamphetamine continues to grow, the number of illicit laboratories is also hiking. This is because of the growing number of addicts especially college and high school students. Up to this point, one may ask for reasons as to why drug trafficking is on the verge in the

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 2 SLP Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 2 SLP - Essay Example He would also require drug companies to offer bigger discounts/rebates (at least 22.1), to Medicaid, for the health program of low-income people. This up-to-date proposed legislation is directed to create an abbreviated pathway, as well as the potential effect of the said pathway for FOB approval of the PHS Act biologics on specific federal spending. In recent years, the introduction of bio-equivalent generics for drugs which are chemically synthesized or "conventional drugs" resulted in considerable generic penetration as well as average price effects (Mathieu, 2004; pp. 10-1). In pharmaceutical industries, Patents serve to protect inventors' intellectual property rights at the same time allowing them to share information which others might use in order to progress or advance the field. Yet, in the modern pharmaceutical business, the system is quite grossly abused as it permits companies to patent drugs which are not reasonably considered as "new inventions'. As a matter of fact, several companies flooded the market with drugs which are not affordable. This practice has been used by many companies to prevent altogether and delay competition among generic drugs. 2008) that those doctors prescribe. Doctors normally prescribe more drugs the moment they acquire gifts from drug makers.

Pestel Philips Essay Example for Free

Pestel Philips Essay POLITICAL FACTORS Because Philips is an international company, it has to deal with many political factors such as: tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and political stability inside each country they are in. Philips is a manufacturer, a sales company and needs to maintain service organization too, so it must deal with many varieties of laws and policies that are changing, depending the country and the time. For example in many countries of European union now taking place dynamic changes in employment law. (Federation of European employees, 2007) ECONOMIC FACTORS Depending on the country and the economic growth of it, the purchasing power of the population is not the same everywhere. In fact, as Philips is present in many countries, it has to adapt its products and sales processes to the buying habits and the standard of living. For Philips high economic growth means the increasing purchasing power of the population that is desirable for the company. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country, region to region. It is very important that such factors are considered. Then, it is necessary for Philips to understand the consumer needs and habits in order to meet its expectations. Moreover, in developed countries nowadays, customers are paying more and more attention to ethics, respect and culture of the company. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Because of the international presence of Philips, each country doesn’t have the infrastructure to welcome properly Philips’ technologies, including online processes. So Philips needs to adapt its products to the country where they are. Moreover, Philips Company is very dependant on technology. New innovations can significantly improve operations of the company. Also, it’s important not to neglect the Research and Development department even if it’s the most expensive one. ECOLOGICAL FACTOR: Many countries are now environment concerned and try to reduce pollution. Philips as a large manufacturer can face some problems because of that, even more as it is a lightening company. With the important development of the LED, Philips has a real challenge even if the LED market is not as profitable as the lamp market. LEGAL FACTOR Each country has its own legislation even countries which are parts of the same organization, for example, in Europe, there is the European legislation and the country’s legislation, so Philips needs to be aware of every aspects of this system and adapt quickly.

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment a) Purpose In first part, the purpose is measuring the mechanical and iron losses of a synchronous generator or alternator which is most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose. In second part, the purpose is determining the ohmic and stray losses of a alternator at various speeds and calculating synchronous reactance. In the last part, the purpose is measuring the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) under different kinds of load. b) Background and Theoretical Discussion The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An alternator works as a generator when its rotor carrying the field system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt motor. The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load. Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field excitation and the power factor of the load. As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive increases in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of the degree of saturation. When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no load this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation. Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it. The open-circuit test or the no-load test, is performed by driving the generator at its rated speed while the armature winding is left open. The field current is varied in suitable steps and the corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage varied in suitable steps and corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage between any two pair of terminals of the armature windings are recorded. The OCC follows a straight-line relation as long as the magnetic circuit of the synchronous generator does not saturate. In the linear region, most of the applied mmf is consumed by the air-gap; the straight line is appropriately called the air-gap line. As the saturation sets in, the OCC starts deviating from the air-gap line. c) Procedure In first part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when not coupled to the alternator. Then motor and alternator coupled to measure exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor again. In this stage, it is an important point that alternator was not excited, so power between these two measurement gives us mechanical losses of the alternator. In the end, stator voltages for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents measured(Table 1) when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In second part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when alternator stator winding is short-circuited. After that, short-circuit current measured (Table 2) corresponding to the alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In the last part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, the resistive load was used as the first load, after that experiment repeated with inductive loads and finally with capacitive loads too. Load are connected in star connection. It could be connected as delta connection too but preferred as star connection because the alternator is already connected in star connection too. After loads connections set, value of the dc supply voltage of motor-alternator set increased until nominal speed of the alternator is reached. With the no-load exciter current IE0 (which were founded in first part of the experiment) given to the alternator field, measurements was starts with steps from R1 to R5 value. After that resistive load replaced and measurements repeated for inductive and capacitive loads too (Table 3). d) Results IEM= 0.8 AIM= 1.38 AUM= 220 VPMm= UM(IM IEM) = 127.6 W IEM0= 0.8 AIM0= 1.84 AUM0= 220 VPM0= UM0(IM0 IEM0) = 228.8 W PGm= PM0 PMm = 101.2 WIE0= 250 mA Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 27 37 35 200 213 168 163 250 393 337 254 300 457 392 315 350 512 444 351 400 545 473 379 450 578 497 395 500 595 516 412 550 613 530 425 Table 1 : Stator voltage corresponding to the following exciter current values when alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 1 : Stator voltage curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents IEMk= 1 AIMk= 1.95 AUMk= 214 VPMk= UMk (IMk IMEk) = 203.3 W Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 0.1 0.1 0.2 200 0.3 0.4 0.5 250 0.6 0.7 0.75 300 1.0 1.15 1.0 350 1.3 1.3 1.25 400 1.5 1.51 1.5 450 1.7 1.7 1.75 500 2 2.0 2.0 550 2.25 2.3 2.25 Table 2 : Short-circuit current corresponding to alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 2 : Stator current curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   n= 3000 (min-1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IE0= 250 (mA) R IS (A) US (V) L IS (A) US (V) C IS (A) US (V) R1 0.1 368 L1 0 333 C1 0.1 437 R2 0.2 357 L2 0.1 316 C2 0.2 466 R3 0.4 323 L3 0.2 278 C3 0.5 513 R4 0.5 284 L4 0.3 243 C4 0.8 576 R5 0.6 234 L5 0.4 211 C5 1.1 609 Table 3 : Stator current and voltage corresponding to different load values when the alternator is running at constant speeds and constant no-load exciter current value Plot 3 : Stator voltages as a funtion of the stator current for three types of load e) Conclusions In first part, it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with no-load test such as mechanical losses and the iron losses of alternator. In addition to that, it is observered that (Plot 1), with constant excitation the no-load voltage is proportional to the speed. In second part, just like in first part it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with short-circuit test such as ohmic and stray of alternator. Also, theoretically it is possible that synchronous reactance could be calculate In addition to that (Plot 2), it is observered that, short-circuit current is independent of the speed of the alternator and is proportional to the exciter current. In last part, the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) measured under different kinds of load. As expected, under capacitive load the stator voltage increases with increasing current, whereas under resistive and inductive loads it drops. Furthermore, in the case of inductive load a more sever voltage drop can be observed than under resistive load (Plot 3). f) References 1. A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsly, Jr., and S.D. Umans, Electrical Machines, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill New York, 1990. 2. D.P. Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004

Turkey Economy :: essays research papers

Turkey’s economy has weathered some spectacular pratfalls in the past, with a major economic crisis in 2001 almost bringing the country to its knees. What’s different in 2004 from the previous "recoveries" is how committed Turkey is to establishing firm economic footing once and for all. The government is swallowing the International Monetary Fund’s painful economic medicine, making tough choices for fiscal discipline. Turkey’s financial wunderkind, the 37-year old Minister of State for Treasury Ali Babacan credits a strong, popular and unified government with having both the clout in Ankara and the backing of the people to administer badly-needed shock therapy. "During the last decade, stability has been a problem," Babacan concedes. "We had coalition governments and [frequent] early elections. "But after the 2002 elections," which ushered his faintly Islamic yet pro-Western Justice and Development Party to power under Prime Minister R. Tayyip Erdogan, "we have a stable government, one the people have confidence in, which provides a much-needed base for economic recovery." Erdogan came to Ankara under heavy suspicion due to his past in radical Islamist politics. But as mayor of ungovernable Istanbul he won grudging praise from political opponents for his hard work on civic issues and muted Islamic rhetoric. As Prime Minister he has focused on bread-and-butter issues, leading with gusto the country’s drive to join the European Union. Indeed, the JDP’s acceptance of fiscal reform and pro-EU stance has rebuilt confidence in Turkey’s ability to manage its finances once the IMF decamps. "Our economic program was declared in detail before the election," Babacan, a graduate of the Kellogg School of Management notes. "We’re doing what we promised." It was only during the 1980s that Turkey ditched its closed command-economy, replete with Soviet-style Five Year Plans and huge state-run monopolies. The result was a roller-coaster of boom and bust, with hyperinflation and a Wholesale Price Index at 160% by the end of 1995 and a Nominal Interest Rate of 320% at one point. Such shenanigans were offset by production in overdrive – growth through the turbulent ‘90s averaged 5% per year. But in the late ‘90s the Asian crises and the collapse of the Russian economy cost Turkey valuable export markets. Foreign exchange sought calmer waters, leaving the government to resort to offering 140% interest on its T-bills to finance its deficit. Annual inflation ran at a Weimaresque 102%. The IMF stepped in with a three-year stabilization program and a $4 billion jump start.

Maggie and Dee & sisters Essay

Everyday Use is about these two colliding characters: Maggie and Dee are sisters. In the story, Maggie seems to be the powerless and passive character. She had scars from being burnt and this experience brought her to directed inward. She valued the things that are less superficial and more meaningful. She has stayed with her mother and there she learned making quilts. Dee is more the outgoing type. She cares a lot about her style. She’s into physical appearance and boys are one of her interest. Thesis Statement: The central conflict this part of the story is the triumph over legacy – who will be recognized as the successor? This very powerful story revolves around the quilt. As Dee tries to win the quilt, she also seeks her long-lost heritage after a long time of absence. (Walker 278). (66) â€Å"’Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts! † She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Dee always tries to prove herself in the way of her power to persuade and aggression (Walker 278): (68) â€Å"But they’re priceless,† she was saying now furiously for she had a temper. Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they’d be in rags. Less than that! †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ But Maggie is a strong person with inner strength and she knows that the legacy has been passed on to her (Walker 279). (74) ‘â€Å"She can have them Mama, â€Å"she said like somebody used to never winning anything reserved for her. â€Å"I can ‘member Grandma Dee without the quilts. † Maggie said. ’† The mother knew that her daughter Maggie has been the one who deserves the heritage. Although Maggie seems weak and she will talk in peace (Walker 279). (75) ‘â€Å"She stood there with her scared hands hidden in the folds of her skirt. She looked at her sister with something like fear. But she wasn’t mad at her. This was Maggie’s portion. This was the way she knew God to work. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Towards the end of the story, Dee knows that her mother fought for Maggie and has won the battle. She denies herself from humility that she lost (Walker 279). (81) ‘â€Å"You ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie. It’s really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live, you’ll never know it. † Dee will always hide the loss. She will not be someone who will stand up for defeat and that is in a way being a coward (Walker 279). (82)â€Å"She put on her glasses and hid everything above the tip of her nose and her chin. † Conclusion: Everyday Use explores the long years a mother’s will to raise her children, see them grow and realize their identity. Maggie spent her every day with her mother and her mother experienced her presence for the longest years. Meanwhile Dee has spent her life away from her family. The one who has learned the craft of quilting which signifies her unconditional love for her family is Maggie and finally her mother realizes that and in all sense she deserves that honor of their heritage. Citation: Walker, Alice. â€Å"Everyday Use. † In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women. Harvest Books (1974): 272-279.

Burial at Thebes

Mia Britton Mrs. Baker DRA 110 4 March 2013 The Burial at Thebes The play Burial at Thebes is a modern translation of Antigone by Sophocles and Seamus Heaney is credited for this recent translation. The plot structure used in Heaney’s work can be described as episodic. This play stands out as episodic because of its early point of attack. For example, at the start of the opening scene Antigone approaches her sister Ismene with news that King Creon has issued a proclamation that their brothers body should not receive a proper burial, and that anyone trying to bury him will be stoned to death.She intends to resist the law and bury Polynecies but, Ismene refuses to assist Antigone. Therefore, Antigone disowns Ismene and pledges never to accept her aid. Another example of episodic play structure in The Burial at Thebes when Eurydice hears from the messengers the death of her son she leaves in silence and King Creon returns with his dead son Haemon in his arms. The messengers appro ach King Creon with grievous news that his wife Eurydice has taken her life. These examples prove that Seamus Heaney’s work is episodic because after one incident another incident approaches.The protagonist can be defined as the central character in a play or the person who the story is about and experiences the most changes. In Seamus Heaney’s play there are two possible protagonists Antigone and Ismene. Antigone can be considered a protagonist because the play revolves around her rebelling against the King and his resolution to not bury her brother’s body. Another protagonist is Ismene because during the opening scene she tells Antigone that she will not assist her in burying her brother.As the course of the play continues Ismene realizes what is right and defends her sister against King Creon by saying that she will die along with her sister. Ismene also tries to convince King Creon to not take her sisters life by asking him whether he would kill the bride of his son since Haemon is meant to marry Antigone. Ismene’s attitude changes from a noble citizen to that of a martyr. An antagonist can be defined as a person who is opposed to the protagonist or the goal of the protagonist. In Burial atThebes King Creon appears to be the antagonist because he is against burying or awarding any ceremonial rights to Antigone and Ismenes brother. As the play begins King Creon tells the elders of Thebes that anyone who awards a proper burial for Polyneices would be put to death. When King Creon finds about Antigone’s actions he declares that both sisters will be put to death. Antigone explains that she knew of his decree and she only answers to Zeus, the gods didn't lay down these laws for manipulation, and that she will endure the god's judgment for the burial.King Creon decides that he doesn’t want the blood of Antigone on his hand so he believes the best way to take her life is by burying her under rocks with food. These acts ma de by King Creon are evidence that he is the antagonist in the play Burial at Thebes. The play Burial at Thebes was intended to teach and educate its audience on societies and politics. Seamus Heaney displays a powerful King that doesn’t take advice from anyone. A few examples of King Creon not heeding to advice is first seen when his son Haemon tries to urge him to be open to both opinions.He dismisses his son calling him a woman slave. Even the elders’ question King Creon’s by stating that he should listen to his son’s request. Creon becomes irritated and questions the elders whether they should be taught by a young boy. King Creon was also approached by Teirasis and says, â€Å"The gods do not take the prayers or sacrifices of the Thebans, and the birds' cries are muffled because the birds' throats are glutted with the blood of Polyneices†. Teiresias explains the significance of taking counsel, and says that a man who makes a mistake and then co rrects it brings no shame on himself.King Creon once again does not heed to wise counsel and believes that just because he has authoritative power that he doesn’t require counsel. Seamus Heaney also exhibits bravery in his characters in which his audience members can learn from. For example, not only did Antigone represent bravery, but Haemon exemplified Bravery by standing up to his father. These acts of bravery appeared small at the beginning, but towards the end of the play they actually made a difference. All in all, these examples proved that Seamus Heaney’s work is educational and displayed politics.