BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 2 SLP Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 2 SLP - Essay Example He would also require drug companies to offer bigger discounts/rebates (at least 22.1), to Medicaid, for the health program of low-income people. This up-to-date proposed legislation is directed to create an abbreviated pathway, as well as the potential effect of the said pathway for FOB approval of the PHS Act biologics on specific federal spending. In recent years, the introduction of bio-equivalent generics for drugs which are chemically synthesized or "conventional drugs" resulted in considerable generic penetration as well as average price effects (Mathieu, 2004; pp. 10-1). In pharmaceutical industries, Patents serve to protect inventors' intellectual property rights at the same time allowing them to share information which others might use in order to progress or advance the field. Yet, in the modern pharmaceutical business, the system is quite grossly abused as it permits companies to patent drugs which are not reasonably considered as "new inventions'. As a matter of fact, several companies flooded the market with drugs which are not affordable. This practice has been used by many companies to prevent altogether and delay competition among generic drugs. 2008) that those doctors prescribe. Doctors normally prescribe more drugs the moment they acquire gifts from drug makers.

Pestel Philips Essay Example for Free

Pestel Philips Essay POLITICAL FACTORS Because Philips is an international company, it has to deal with many political factors such as: tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and political stability inside each country they are in. Philips is a manufacturer, a sales company and needs to maintain service organization too, so it must deal with many varieties of laws and policies that are changing, depending the country and the time. For example in many countries of European union now taking place dynamic changes in employment law. (Federation of European employees, 2007) ECONOMIC FACTORS Depending on the country and the economic growth of it, the purchasing power of the population is not the same everywhere. In fact, as Philips is present in many countries, it has to adapt its products and sales processes to the buying habits and the standard of living. For Philips high economic growth means the increasing purchasing power of the population that is desirable for the company. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country, region to region. It is very important that such factors are considered. Then, it is necessary for Philips to understand the consumer needs and habits in order to meet its expectations. Moreover, in developed countries nowadays, customers are paying more and more attention to ethics, respect and culture of the company. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Because of the international presence of Philips, each country doesn’t have the infrastructure to welcome properly Philips’ technologies, including online processes. So Philips needs to adapt its products to the country where they are. Moreover, Philips Company is very dependant on technology. New innovations can significantly improve operations of the company. Also, it’s important not to neglect the Research and Development department even if it’s the most expensive one. ECOLOGICAL FACTOR: Many countries are now environment concerned and try to reduce pollution. Philips as a large manufacturer can face some problems because of that, even more as it is a lightening company. With the important development of the LED, Philips has a real challenge even if the LED market is not as profitable as the lamp market. LEGAL FACTOR Each country has its own legislation even countries which are parts of the same organization, for example, in Europe, there is the European legislation and the country’s legislation, so Philips needs to be aware of every aspects of this system and adapt quickly.

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment a) Purpose In first part, the purpose is measuring the mechanical and iron losses of a synchronous generator or alternator which is most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose. In second part, the purpose is determining the ohmic and stray losses of a alternator at various speeds and calculating synchronous reactance. In the last part, the purpose is measuring the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) under different kinds of load. b) Background and Theoretical Discussion The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An alternator works as a generator when its rotor carrying the field system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt motor. The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load. Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field excitation and the power factor of the load. As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive increases in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of the degree of saturation. When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no load this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation. Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it. The open-circuit test or the no-load test, is performed by driving the generator at its rated speed while the armature winding is left open. The field current is varied in suitable steps and the corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage varied in suitable steps and corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage between any two pair of terminals of the armature windings are recorded. The OCC follows a straight-line relation as long as the magnetic circuit of the synchronous generator does not saturate. In the linear region, most of the applied mmf is consumed by the air-gap; the straight line is appropriately called the air-gap line. As the saturation sets in, the OCC starts deviating from the air-gap line. c) Procedure In first part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when not coupled to the alternator. Then motor and alternator coupled to measure exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor again. In this stage, it is an important point that alternator was not excited, so power between these two measurement gives us mechanical losses of the alternator. In the end, stator voltages for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents measured(Table 1) when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In second part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when alternator stator winding is short-circuited. After that, short-circuit current measured (Table 2) corresponding to the alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In the last part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, the resistive load was used as the first load, after that experiment repeated with inductive loads and finally with capacitive loads too. Load are connected in star connection. It could be connected as delta connection too but preferred as star connection because the alternator is already connected in star connection too. After loads connections set, value of the dc supply voltage of motor-alternator set increased until nominal speed of the alternator is reached. With the no-load exciter current IE0 (which were founded in first part of the experiment) given to the alternator field, measurements was starts with steps from R1 to R5 value. After that resistive load replaced and measurements repeated for inductive and capacitive loads too (Table 3). d) Results IEM= 0.8 AIM= 1.38 AUM= 220 VPMm= UM(IM IEM) = 127.6 W IEM0= 0.8 AIM0= 1.84 AUM0= 220 VPM0= UM0(IM0 IEM0) = 228.8 W PGm= PM0 PMm = 101.2 WIE0= 250 mA Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 27 37 35 200 213 168 163 250 393 337 254 300 457 392 315 350 512 444 351 400 545 473 379 450 578 497 395 500 595 516 412 550 613 530 425 Table 1 : Stator voltage corresponding to the following exciter current values when alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 1 : Stator voltage curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents IEMk= 1 AIMk= 1.95 AUMk= 214 VPMk= UMk (IMk IMEk) = 203.3 W Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 0.1 0.1 0.2 200 0.3 0.4 0.5 250 0.6 0.7 0.75 300 1.0 1.15 1.0 350 1.3 1.3 1.25 400 1.5 1.51 1.5 450 1.7 1.7 1.75 500 2 2.0 2.0 550 2.25 2.3 2.25 Table 2 : Short-circuit current corresponding to alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 2 : Stator current curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   n= 3000 (min-1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IE0= 250 (mA) R IS (A) US (V) L IS (A) US (V) C IS (A) US (V) R1 0.1 368 L1 0 333 C1 0.1 437 R2 0.2 357 L2 0.1 316 C2 0.2 466 R3 0.4 323 L3 0.2 278 C3 0.5 513 R4 0.5 284 L4 0.3 243 C4 0.8 576 R5 0.6 234 L5 0.4 211 C5 1.1 609 Table 3 : Stator current and voltage corresponding to different load values when the alternator is running at constant speeds and constant no-load exciter current value Plot 3 : Stator voltages as a funtion of the stator current for three types of load e) Conclusions In first part, it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with no-load test such as mechanical losses and the iron losses of alternator. In addition to that, it is observered that (Plot 1), with constant excitation the no-load voltage is proportional to the speed. In second part, just like in first part it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with short-circuit test such as ohmic and stray of alternator. Also, theoretically it is possible that synchronous reactance could be calculate In addition to that (Plot 2), it is observered that, short-circuit current is independent of the speed of the alternator and is proportional to the exciter current. In last part, the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) measured under different kinds of load. As expected, under capacitive load the stator voltage increases with increasing current, whereas under resistive and inductive loads it drops. Furthermore, in the case of inductive load a more sever voltage drop can be observed than under resistive load (Plot 3). f) References 1. A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsly, Jr., and S.D. Umans, Electrical Machines, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill New York, 1990. 2. D.P. Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004

Turkey Economy :: essays research papers

Turkey’s economy has weathered some spectacular pratfalls in the past, with a major economic crisis in 2001 almost bringing the country to its knees. What’s different in 2004 from the previous "recoveries" is how committed Turkey is to establishing firm economic footing once and for all. The government is swallowing the International Monetary Fund’s painful economic medicine, making tough choices for fiscal discipline. Turkey’s financial wunderkind, the 37-year old Minister of State for Treasury Ali Babacan credits a strong, popular and unified government with having both the clout in Ankara and the backing of the people to administer badly-needed shock therapy. "During the last decade, stability has been a problem," Babacan concedes. "We had coalition governments and [frequent] early elections. "But after the 2002 elections," which ushered his faintly Islamic yet pro-Western Justice and Development Party to power under Prime Minister R. Tayyip Erdogan, "we have a stable government, one the people have confidence in, which provides a much-needed base for economic recovery." Erdogan came to Ankara under heavy suspicion due to his past in radical Islamist politics. But as mayor of ungovernable Istanbul he won grudging praise from political opponents for his hard work on civic issues and muted Islamic rhetoric. As Prime Minister he has focused on bread-and-butter issues, leading with gusto the country’s drive to join the European Union. Indeed, the JDP’s acceptance of fiscal reform and pro-EU stance has rebuilt confidence in Turkey’s ability to manage its finances once the IMF decamps. "Our economic program was declared in detail before the election," Babacan, a graduate of the Kellogg School of Management notes. "We’re doing what we promised." It was only during the 1980s that Turkey ditched its closed command-economy, replete with Soviet-style Five Year Plans and huge state-run monopolies. The result was a roller-coaster of boom and bust, with hyperinflation and a Wholesale Price Index at 160% by the end of 1995 and a Nominal Interest Rate of 320% at one point. Such shenanigans were offset by production in overdrive – growth through the turbulent ‘90s averaged 5% per year. But in the late ‘90s the Asian crises and the collapse of the Russian economy cost Turkey valuable export markets. Foreign exchange sought calmer waters, leaving the government to resort to offering 140% interest on its T-bills to finance its deficit. Annual inflation ran at a Weimaresque 102%. The IMF stepped in with a three-year stabilization program and a $4 billion jump start.

Maggie and Dee & sisters Essay

Everyday Use is about these two colliding characters: Maggie and Dee are sisters. In the story, Maggie seems to be the powerless and passive character. She had scars from being burnt and this experience brought her to directed inward. She valued the things that are less superficial and more meaningful. She has stayed with her mother and there she learned making quilts. Dee is more the outgoing type. She cares a lot about her style. She’s into physical appearance and boys are one of her interest. Thesis Statement: The central conflict this part of the story is the triumph over legacy – who will be recognized as the successor? This very powerful story revolves around the quilt. As Dee tries to win the quilt, she also seeks her long-lost heritage after a long time of absence. (Walker 278). (66) â€Å"’Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts! † She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Dee always tries to prove herself in the way of her power to persuade and aggression (Walker 278): (68) â€Å"But they’re priceless,† she was saying now furiously for she had a temper. Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they’d be in rags. Less than that! †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ But Maggie is a strong person with inner strength and she knows that the legacy has been passed on to her (Walker 279). (74) ‘â€Å"She can have them Mama, â€Å"she said like somebody used to never winning anything reserved for her. â€Å"I can ‘member Grandma Dee without the quilts. † Maggie said. ’† The mother knew that her daughter Maggie has been the one who deserves the heritage. Although Maggie seems weak and she will talk in peace (Walker 279). (75) ‘â€Å"She stood there with her scared hands hidden in the folds of her skirt. She looked at her sister with something like fear. But she wasn’t mad at her. This was Maggie’s portion. This was the way she knew God to work. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Towards the end of the story, Dee knows that her mother fought for Maggie and has won the battle. She denies herself from humility that she lost (Walker 279). (81) ‘â€Å"You ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie. It’s really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live, you’ll never know it. † Dee will always hide the loss. She will not be someone who will stand up for defeat and that is in a way being a coward (Walker 279). (82)â€Å"She put on her glasses and hid everything above the tip of her nose and her chin. † Conclusion: Everyday Use explores the long years a mother’s will to raise her children, see them grow and realize their identity. Maggie spent her every day with her mother and her mother experienced her presence for the longest years. Meanwhile Dee has spent her life away from her family. The one who has learned the craft of quilting which signifies her unconditional love for her family is Maggie and finally her mother realizes that and in all sense she deserves that honor of their heritage. Citation: Walker, Alice. â€Å"Everyday Use. † In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women. Harvest Books (1974): 272-279.

Burial at Thebes

Mia Britton Mrs. Baker DRA 110 4 March 2013 The Burial at Thebes The play Burial at Thebes is a modern translation of Antigone by Sophocles and Seamus Heaney is credited for this recent translation. The plot structure used in Heaney’s work can be described as episodic. This play stands out as episodic because of its early point of attack. For example, at the start of the opening scene Antigone approaches her sister Ismene with news that King Creon has issued a proclamation that their brothers body should not receive a proper burial, and that anyone trying to bury him will be stoned to death.She intends to resist the law and bury Polynecies but, Ismene refuses to assist Antigone. Therefore, Antigone disowns Ismene and pledges never to accept her aid. Another example of episodic play structure in The Burial at Thebes when Eurydice hears from the messengers the death of her son she leaves in silence and King Creon returns with his dead son Haemon in his arms. The messengers appro ach King Creon with grievous news that his wife Eurydice has taken her life. These examples prove that Seamus Heaney’s work is episodic because after one incident another incident approaches.The protagonist can be defined as the central character in a play or the person who the story is about and experiences the most changes. In Seamus Heaney’s play there are two possible protagonists Antigone and Ismene. Antigone can be considered a protagonist because the play revolves around her rebelling against the King and his resolution to not bury her brother’s body. Another protagonist is Ismene because during the opening scene she tells Antigone that she will not assist her in burying her brother.As the course of the play continues Ismene realizes what is right and defends her sister against King Creon by saying that she will die along with her sister. Ismene also tries to convince King Creon to not take her sisters life by asking him whether he would kill the bride of his son since Haemon is meant to marry Antigone. Ismene’s attitude changes from a noble citizen to that of a martyr. An antagonist can be defined as a person who is opposed to the protagonist or the goal of the protagonist. In Burial atThebes King Creon appears to be the antagonist because he is against burying or awarding any ceremonial rights to Antigone and Ismenes brother. As the play begins King Creon tells the elders of Thebes that anyone who awards a proper burial for Polyneices would be put to death. When King Creon finds about Antigone’s actions he declares that both sisters will be put to death. Antigone explains that she knew of his decree and she only answers to Zeus, the gods didn't lay down these laws for manipulation, and that she will endure the god's judgment for the burial.King Creon decides that he doesn’t want the blood of Antigone on his hand so he believes the best way to take her life is by burying her under rocks with food. These acts ma de by King Creon are evidence that he is the antagonist in the play Burial at Thebes. The play Burial at Thebes was intended to teach and educate its audience on societies and politics. Seamus Heaney displays a powerful King that doesn’t take advice from anyone. A few examples of King Creon not heeding to advice is first seen when his son Haemon tries to urge him to be open to both opinions.He dismisses his son calling him a woman slave. Even the elders’ question King Creon’s by stating that he should listen to his son’s request. Creon becomes irritated and questions the elders whether they should be taught by a young boy. King Creon was also approached by Teirasis and says, â€Å"The gods do not take the prayers or sacrifices of the Thebans, and the birds' cries are muffled because the birds' throats are glutted with the blood of Polyneices†. Teiresias explains the significance of taking counsel, and says that a man who makes a mistake and then co rrects it brings no shame on himself.King Creon once again does not heed to wise counsel and believes that just because he has authoritative power that he doesn’t require counsel. Seamus Heaney also exhibits bravery in his characters in which his audience members can learn from. For example, not only did Antigone represent bravery, but Haemon exemplified Bravery by standing up to his father. These acts of bravery appeared small at the beginning, but towards the end of the play they actually made a difference. All in all, these examples proved that Seamus Heaney’s work is educational and displayed politics.